cancer survival time between two locations could be also due to other factors that differ across the two locations, such as smoking rate, socioeconomic status and quality of medical care etc. Furthermore, individual measure- ments of air pollution were also estimated using the county-level air pollution data from the U.S. EPA air monitoring system. The results from the analyses of in- dividual exposure assignment also suggest that exposure to higher air pollution may have adverse effects on the length of survival from respiratory cancers in this study. However, since Honolulu has much lower pollution levels than LA, most of the individuals with high pollu- tion exposure would be from LA and most with low pol- lution exposure will be from Honolulu. As a result, any observed association between pollution and cancer sur- vival could still be attributed to other factors that differ between the two cities.