As mentioned earlier, some theorists have questioned whether self-leadership is unique and distinguishable with respect to certain personality traits such as conscientiousness. Self-leadership is usually conceptualized as learned behavior rather than as a fixed trait and self-leadership proponents have generally ignored personality and individual difference factors. Some advocates have even implied that personality traits may be unrelated to self leadership effectiveness, citing a study that found no relationship between extraversion and performance for individuals using mental imagery(a self-leadership strategy). In contrast, Williams(1997) has suggested that a variety of personality traits are likely to be associated with self-leadership skills in meaningful ways. In particular, Williams(1997) proposed positive associations between self-leadership skills and extraversion emotional stability, conscientiousness, general self-efficacy, internal locus of control and self-monitoring.