Freytag on PlotFreytag's pyramidMain article: Dramatic structureGustav translation - Freytag on PlotFreytag's pyramidMain article: Dramatic structureGustav Indonesian how to say

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Freytag on Plot
Freytag's pyramid
Main article: Dramatic structure

Gustav Freytag considered plot to be a narrative structure that divides a story into five parts. These parts are: exposition (of the situation); rising action (through conflict); climax (or the turning point); falling action; and denouement.
Exposition

The exposition introduces the main characters of the story. It shows how they relate to one another, their goals and motivations, and their moral character. The audience may have specific and well-focused questions about any of these aspects, and they will eventually get answered. Most importantly,the exposition allows the audience to get to know the main character (protagonist). Similarly, the protagonist gets to know their main goal and what is at stake.


Inciting Incident

The inciting incident is the point of the plot that begins the conflict. It is the event that catalyzes the protagonist to go into motion and to take action. "The Most Dangerous Game," a novel by Richard Connell, demonstrates two examples of inciting incidents.

In the first example, the protagonist went to the rail when he heard gunshots:

"An abrupt sound startled him. Off to the right he heard it, and his ears, expert in such matters, could not be mistaken. Again he heard the sound, and again. Somewhere, off in the blackness, someone had fired a gun three times."

In the second example, the protagonist drops his pipe, and it falls into the ocean:

"Rainsford sprang up and moved quickly to the rail, mystified. He strained his eyes in the direction from which the reports had come, but it was like trying to see through a blanket. He leaped upon the rail and balanced himself there, to get greater elevation; his pipe, striking a rope, was knocked from his mouth. He lunged for it; a short, hoarse cry came from his lips as he realized he had reached too far and had lost his balance. The cry was pinched off short as the blood-warm waters of the Caribbean Sea dosed over his head."
Rising Action

Rising action is the second phase in Freytag's five-phase structure. It starts with a conflict, such as the death of a character. Rising action involves the buildup of events until the climax.

"Conflict" in Freytag's discussion must not be confused with "conflict" in Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch's critical apparatus to categorize plots into types (e.g., man vs. society). The difference is that according to Quiller-Couch's mode of analysis, an entire story can be discussed in terms of conflict. Freytag's definition of conflict refers to the second act in a five-act play, a point of time in which all of the major characters have been introduced, their motives and allegiances have been made clear, and they have begun to struggle against one another.

In this phase, the protagonist understands his or her goal and begins to work toward it. Smaller problems thwart their initial success and their progress is directed primarily against these secondary obstacles. This phase demonstrates how the protagonist overcomes these obstacles.
Conflict

In this phase, two or more people or groups disagree. This disagreement leads to the climax.
Climax

The climax is the turning point or highest point of the story. The protagonist makes the single big decision that defines not only the outcome of the story, but also who they are as a person. Freytag defines the climax as the third of the five dramatic phases which occupies the middle of the story.

At the beginning of this phase, the protagonist finally clears away the preliminary barriers and engages with the adversary. Usually, both the protagonist and the antagonist have a plan to win against the other as they enter this phase. For the first time, the audience sees the pair going against one another in direct or nearly direct conflict.

This struggle results in neither character completely winning or losing. In most cases, each character's plan is both partially successful and partially foiled by their adversary. The central struggle between the two characters in unique in that the protagonist makes a decision which shows their moral quality, and ultimately decides their fate. In a tragedy, the protagonist here makes a "bad" decision or a miscalculation that demonstrates their tragic flaw.

The climax often contains much of the action in a story--for example, a defining battle.
Falling Action

According to Freytag, the "falling action" phase consists of events that lead, in most cases, to a happy ending. Character's actions resolve the problem.

In the beginning of this phase, the villain has the upper hand. It seems that evil will triumph. The protagonist has never been further from accomplishing their goal. For Freytag, this is true both in tragedies and comedies, because both types of plots demonstrate how good wins over evil. The outcome depends on which side the protagonist has put themselves on. This may or may not be immediately clear to the audience.
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Freytag plotFreytag di piramidaArtikel utama: struktur dramatisGustav Freytag dianggap plot untuk menjadi sebuah struktur narasi yang membagi sebuah cerita dalam lima bagian. Bagian ini adalah: eksposisi (situasi); Rising tindakan (melalui konflik); klimaks (atau titik balik); tindakan jatuh; dan kesudahan.PameranEksposisi memperkenalkan karakter utama dari kisah. Ini menunjukkan bagaimana mereka berhubungan satu sama lain, tujuan dan motivasi, dan karakter moral mereka. Para penonton mungkin memiliki pertanyaan spesifik dan fokus tentang salah satu aspek-aspek ini, dan mereka akhirnya bisa menjawab. Paling penting, eksposisi memungkinkan penonton untuk mengenal tokoh utama (protagonis). Demikian pula, protagonis mendapat untuk tahu tujuan utama mereka dan apa yang dipertaruhkan.Menghasut insidenInsiden menghasut adalah titik plot yang mulai konflik. Ini adalah peristiwa yang mengkatalisis protagonis untuk pergi ke gerak dan untuk mengambil tindakan. "Paling berbahaya permainan," sebuah novel oleh Richard Connell, menunjukkan dua contoh menghasut insiden.Dalam contoh pertama, protagonis pergi ke rel ketika ia mendengar suara tembakan:"Tiba-tiba suara kaget dia. Pergi ke kanan mendengar, dan telinganya, ahli dalam hal-hal tersebut, tidak akan salah. Sekali lagi ia mendengar suara, dan sekali lagi. Di suatu tempat, dari dalam kegelapan, seseorang telah menembakkan pistol tiga kali."Dalam contoh kedua, protagonis tetes pipa nya, dan jatuh ke laut:"Rainsford bermunculan dan bergerak cepat untuk rel, bingung. Ia menggeliat matanya ke arah dari mana laporan datang, tapi itu seperti mencoba untuk melihat melalui selimut. Dia melompat di atas rel dan seimbang dirinya sendiri di sana, untuk mendapatkan lebih besar elevasi; Pipa nya, mencolok tali, mengetuk dari mulutnya. Ia menerjang untuk itu; pendek, serak tangisan berasal dari bibirnya seperti dia menyadari bahwa dia telah mencapai terlalu jauh dan telah kehilangan keseimbangan. Teriakan ini mencubit dari pendek sebagai darah-hangat perairan Laut Karibia tertutup atas kepalanya."Rising aksiRising tindakan adalah tahap kedua dalam struktur lima-fase Freytag's. Dimulai dengan konflik, seperti kematian karakter. Rising tindakan melibatkan penumpukan peristiwa sampai klimaks.Diskusi "Konflik" di Freytag's tidak boleh bingung dengan "konflik" di Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-sofa di aparat kritis untuk mengkategorikan plot menjadi jenis (misalnya, manusia vs masyarakat). Perbedaannya adalah bahwa menurut Quiller-sofa modus analisis, seluruh cerita dapat dibahas dalam konflik. Freytag's definisi konflik mengacu pada babak kedua di babak lima bermain, titik waktu di mana semua karakter utama telah diperkenalkan, motif dan kesetiaan mereka telah dibuat jelas, dan mereka telah mulai untuk berjuang melawan satu sama lain.Dalam tahap ini, protagonis mengerti tujuan hidupnya dan mulai bekerja ke arah itu. Masalah kecil menggagalkan kesuksesan awal mereka dan kemajuan mereka diarahkan terutama terhadap rintangan sekunder. Fase ini menunjukkan bagaimana protagonis mengatasi hambatan tersebut.KonflikDalam tahap ini, dua atau lebih pengguna atau grup tidak setuju. Perselisihan ini mengarah ke klimaks.KlimaksKlimaks adalah titik balik atau titik tertinggi dari cerita. Protagonis membuat keputusan besar tunggal yang mendefinisikan tidak hanya hasil dari cerita, tetapi juga diri mereka sebagai orang. Freytag mendefinisikan klimaks ketiga dari lima fase dramatis yang menempati tengah cerita.Pada awal fase, protagonis akhirnya membersihkan kaki hambatan awal dan terlibat dengan musuh. Biasanya, protagonis dan karakter antagonis memiliki rencana untuk menang melawan yang lain ketika mereka memasuki fase ini. Untuk pertama kalinya, para penonton melihat pasangan akan melawan satu sama lain dalam konflik hampir langsung atau tidak langsung.Perjuangan ini hasil dalam karakter tidak benar-benar menang atau kalah. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, setiap karakter rencana sebagian berhasil dan sebagian digagalkan oleh musuh mereka. Pusat berjuang antara dua karakter unik di mana protagonis membuat keputusan yang menunjukkan kualitas moral mereka, dan akhirnya memutuskan nasib mereka. Dalam sebuah tragedi, protagonis di sini membuat keputusan "buruk" atau Miskalkulasi yang menunjukkan kesalahan tragis mereka.Klimaks biasanya berisi banyak tindakan dalam sebuah cerita--misalnya, pertempuran yang menentukan.Tindakan jatuhMenurut Freytag, fase "jatuh aksi" terdiri dari peristiwa yang memimpin, dalam kebanyakan kasus, untuk akhir yang bahagia. Tindakan karakter menyelesaikan masalah.Di awal fase ini, penjahat memiliki tangan atas. Tampaknya bahwa kejahatan akan menang. Protagonis pernah jauh dari mencapai tujuan mereka. Untuk Freytag, ini benar baik dalam tragedi dan komedi, karena kedua jenis plot menunjukkan seberapa baik menang atas kejahatan. Hasil tergantung pada sisi mana protagonis telah menempatkan diri pada. Hal ini mungkin atau mungkin tidak segera jelas kepada para penonton.
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