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5.2.1 ShrinkageTo understand the magnitude of the shrinkage strains that are involved, consider a steel bar with dimensions of 1 in. × 1 in. × 10 in. If the bar is made of steel with 50 ksi yield strength, it will elastically elongate a total of 0.016 in. if mechanically loaded up to the yield stress. Next, consider the magnitudeof expansion created by increases in temperature. If the same bar (unloaded) is heated from a room temperature of 70 to 300 °F, it will expand the same 0.016 in. Thus, when a localized portion of a 50 ksi steel is heated to above 300 °F under rigidly restrained conditions, some thermal upsetting (e.g., yielding) will occur.
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