Goal-directedness encompasses decision making, when individuals evalua translation - Goal-directedness encompasses decision making, when individuals evalua Indonesian how to say

Goal-directedness encompasses decis

Goal-directedness encompasses decision making, when individuals evaluate their
personal goals and values and choose a course of action based on a series of alternatives (Robbins & Patton, 1985). Individuals with low goal-directedness are unlikely to engage in serious career planning and will instead, exhibit an unwillingness to make career decisions. It is important that managers understand their own goal-directedness as a lack of career planning can affect how managers progress in their organization. Individuals with high goal-directedness and the resulting goal attainment tend to experience increased psychological well-being (Holahan, 1988), optimism (Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver, 1986), life satisfaction (Emmons, 1986), and personal control (Brandtstadter, 1989). Individuals with low goal-directedness also have high goal instability (Payne, Robbins, & Dougherty, 1991). Goal instability “refers to difficulty in the area of selfdirection and encompasses difficulty in setting goals and keeping direction, maintaining
drive to get work done, and initiating action” (Payne et al., p. 302). Jung’s (1971) pioneering work in psychological types led to four cognitive style functions defined as sensing, thinking, intuition, and feeling. Taggart and Robey (1981) adapted the four cognitive styles into decision-making styles. These decision-making styles were defined as ST (sensation/thinking), NT (intuition/thinking), SF (sensation/feeling), and NF (intuition/feeling). Decision styles are generalizable abilities that individuals use across a wide range of tasks (Hodgkinson, Langan-Fox, & Sadler-Smith, 2008). These styles are personal traits that determine how tasks are done. The styles can be changed after repeated failures or reinforced after successes (Williams & Miller, 2002). Scott and Bruce (1995) developed five distinct decision-making styles based on factor analysis. These decision styles were identified as rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous. These decision styles were the focus of this study. In describing the five decision styles, Sylvie and Huang (2008) noted that “A rational style is deliberate and logical; an intuitive style relies on internal hunches; a dependent style projects responsibility for decisions onto others; an avoidant style attempts to avoid decision making; and a spontaneous style attempts to make decisions quickly” (p. 67). Decision-making style affects the strategy the manager uses to determine the organization’s future direction. The intuitive manager for example, tends to view the prospector or analyzer strategy as the most effective course for the organization to achieve its goals (Gallen, 2006). Since the decision-making styles of managers can have far reaching effects on organizations, it is important to investigate how levels of trust and goal-directedness are related to the decision-making processes of managers. Managers must be able to reach out to others if managers are to become effective decision makers. Relationships between individuals are the building blocks of trust (Chan, 2007). Higher transaction costs (Bergren et al, 2008) and self centeredness (Miranda & Klement, 2009) are two of the negative effects of mistrust. Low goaldirectedness affects the drive to achieve in both personal and organizational settings (Robbins & Patton, 1985). These deficiencies could cause individuals to lack confidence in their decision-making abilities and rely on the avoidant, dependent, or spontaneous styles of decision making.
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Tujuan-directedness mencakup pengambilan keputusan, ketika mengevaluasi individu merekatujuan pribadi dan nilai-nilai dan memilih tindakan yang didasarkan pada serangkaian alternatif (Robbins & Patton, 1985). Individu dengan tujuan-directedness rendah tidak mungkin untuk terlibat dalam perencanaan karir serius dan akan sebaliknya, menunjukkan keengganan untuk membuat keputusan karir. Penting bahwa manajer memahami tujuan-directedness mereka sendiri karena kurangnya perencanaan karir dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana manajer kemajuan di organisasi mereka. Individu dengan tujuan-directedness tinggi dan pencapaian tujuan dihasilkan cenderung meningkat pengalaman psikologis kesejahteraan (Holahan, 1988), optimisme (Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver, 1986), kepuasan hidup (Emmons, 1986), dan kontrol pribadi (Brandtstadter, 1989). Individu dengan tujuan-directedness rendah juga memiliki tinggi tujuan ketidakstabilan (Payne, Robbins, & Dougherty, 1991). Tujuan ketidakstabilan "mengacu pada kesulitan di daerah selfdirection dan mencakup kesulitan dalam menetapkan tujuan dan menjaga arah, menjagadrive to get work done, and initiating action” (Payne et al., p. 302). Jung’s (1971) pioneering work in psychological types led to four cognitive style functions defined as sensing, thinking, intuition, and feeling. Taggart and Robey (1981) adapted the four cognitive styles into decision-making styles. These decision-making styles were defined as ST (sensation/thinking), NT (intuition/thinking), SF (sensation/feeling), and NF (intuition/feeling). Decision styles are generalizable abilities that individuals use across a wide range of tasks (Hodgkinson, Langan-Fox, & Sadler-Smith, 2008). These styles are personal traits that determine how tasks are done. The styles can be changed after repeated failures or reinforced after successes (Williams & Miller, 2002). Scott and Bruce (1995) developed five distinct decision-making styles based on factor analysis. These decision styles were identified as rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous. These decision styles were the focus of this study. In describing the five decision styles, Sylvie and Huang (2008) noted that “A rational style is deliberate and logical; an intuitive style relies on internal hunches; a dependent style projects responsibility for decisions onto others; an avoidant style attempts to avoid decision making; and a spontaneous style attempts to make decisions quickly” (p. 67). Decision-making style affects the strategy the manager uses to determine the organization’s future direction. The intuitive manager for example, tends to view the prospector or analyzer strategy as the most effective course for the organization to achieve its goals (Gallen, 2006). Since the decision-making styles of managers can have far reaching effects on organizations, it is important to investigate how levels of trust and goal-directedness are related to the decision-making processes of managers. Managers must be able to reach out to others if managers are to become effective decision makers. Relationships between individuals are the building blocks of trust (Chan, 2007). Higher transaction costs (Bergren et al, 2008) and self centeredness (Miranda & Klement, 2009) are two of the negative effects of mistrust. Low goaldirectedness affects the drive to achieve in both personal and organizational settings (Robbins & Patton, 1985). These deficiencies could cause individuals to lack confidence in their decision-making abilities and rely on the avoidant, dependent, or spontaneous styles of decision making.
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Tujuan-directedness meliputi pengambilan keputusan, ketika individu mengevaluasi mereka
tujuan pribadi dan nilai-nilai dan memilih tindakan berdasarkan pada serangkaian alternatif (Robbins & Patton, 1985). Individu dengan rendah tujuan-directedness tidak mungkin untuk terlibat dalam perencanaan karir yang serius dan akan sebaliknya, menunjukkan keengganan untuk membuat keputusan karir. Adalah penting bahwa manajer memahami tujuan-directedness mereka sendiri sebagai kurangnya perencanaan karir dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana manajer kemajuan dalam organisasi mereka. Individu dengan tinggi tujuan-directedness dan pencapaian tujuan yang dihasilkan cenderung mengalami peningkatan kesejahteraan psikologis (Holahan, 1988), optimisme (Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver, 1986), kepuasan hidup (Emmons, 1986), dan kontrol pribadi (Brandtstadter 1989). Individu dengan rendah tujuan-directedness juga memiliki ketidakstabilan tujuan yang tinggi (Payne, Robbins, & Dougherty, 1991). Ketidakstabilan tujuan "mengacu pada kesulitan di daerah selfdirection dan mencakup kesulitan dalam menetapkan tujuan dan menjaga arah, menjaga
berkendara untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang dilakukan, dan memulai aksi" (Payne et al., P. 302). (1971) karya perintis Jung dalam jenis psikologis menyebabkan empat fungsi gaya kognitif didefinisikan sebagai penginderaan, berpikir, intuisi, dan perasaan. Taggart dan Robey (1981) diadaptasi empat gaya kognitif dalam gaya pengambilan keputusan. Gaya pengambilan keputusan tersebut didefinisikan sebagai ST (sensasi / pemikiran), NT (intuisi / pemikiran), SF (sensasi / perasaan), dan NF (intuisi / perasaan). Gaya keputusan adalah kemampuan digeneralisasikan yang menggunakan individu di berbagai tugas (Hodgkinson, Langan-Fox, & Sadler-Smith, 2008). Gaya ini adalah sifat-sifat pribadi yang menentukan bagaimana tugas dilakukan. Gaya dapat diubah setelah diulang kegagalan atau diperkuat setelah keberhasilan (Williams & Miller, 2002). Scott dan Bruce (1995) mengembangkan lima gaya pengambilan keputusan yang berbeda berdasarkan analisis faktor. Gaya keputusan ini diidentifikasi sebagai rasional, intuitif, tergantung, avoidant, dan spontan. Gaya keputusan ini adalah fokus dari penelitian ini. Dalam menggambarkan lima gaya keputusan, Sylvie dan Huang (2008) mencatat bahwa "Gaya rasional disengaja dan logis; gaya intuitif mengandalkan firasat intern; gaya tergantung memproyeksikan tanggung jawab atas keputusan ke orang lain; gaya avoidant mencoba untuk menghindari pengambilan keputusan; dan gaya spontan mencoba untuk membuat keputusan dengan cepat "(hal. 67). Gaya pengambilan keputusan mempengaruhi strategi manajer digunakan untuk menentukan arah organisasi di masa depan. Manajer intuitif misalnya, cenderung melihat pencari atau analisa strategi sebagai hidangan yang paling efektif bagi organisasi untuk mencapai tujuan (Gallen, 2006). Karena gaya pengambilan keputusan manajer dapat memiliki efek jauh mencapai pada organisasi, adalah penting untuk menyelidiki bagaimana tingkat kepercayaan dan tujuan-directedness terkait dengan proses pengambilan keputusan manajer. Manajer harus mampu menjangkau orang lain jika manajer untuk menjadi pembuat keputusan yang efektif. Hubungan antara individu adalah blok bangunan kepercayaan (Chan, 2007). Lebih tinggi biaya transaksi (Bergren et al, 2008) dan berpusat diri (Miranda & Klement, 2009) adalah dua dari efek negatif dari ketidakpercayaan. Goaldirectedness rendah mempengaruhi dorongan untuk mencapai di kedua pengaturan pribadi dan organisasi (Robbins & Patton, 1985). Kekurangan ini bisa menyebabkan individu untuk kurang percaya diri dalam kemampuan pengambilan keputusan mereka dan bergantung pada gaya avoidant, dependent, atau spontan pengambilan keputusan.
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