Financial integration has made world markets more connected than ever  translation - Financial integration has made world markets more connected than ever  Indonesian how to say

Financial integration has made worl

Financial integration has made world markets more connected than ever before, and a financial crisis can have far-reaching consequences. Economists, financial experts and journalists often blame financial contagion for widespread turmoil, blurring the distinction between the spread of a local shock justified by interdependent economic fundamentals and contagion that is not justified.

Our study focusses on one of the triggers of unjustified financial contagion, namely, asymmetric information. We have studied financial contagion in a controlled experimental setting where we can carefully control information, and specify the fundamental interdependence between assets traded in different markets.

The results suggest that traders may be readily led to falsely believe that there exist better informed traders who know the true relationship between assets. The consequence of false beliefs as such is that a market-specific shock can readily be transmitted to another market. Unjustified financial contagion is common in our experiment: in 19 out of 41 periods without insiders, an information mirage occurs. Indeed, mirages are much more common here than in the work of (Camerer and Weigelt, 1991), in which they were first noted.

Our experimental results have shown that the possibility of the existence of insiders alone can trigger financial contagion. More specifically, the impossibility for traders to exclude the potential relevance of a shock in one market for other markets, plus the suspicion that they are not as well informed as others, appears to cause traders to become over sensitive to price fluctuations. They then attempt to extract valuable information from trades. Often the information is not there, but is erroneously thought to exist.

When insider information is actually present, it is revealed in almost all periods. In other words, asset prices reflect underlying asset correlations when such correlations are known to some traders.

In the first period of their two period life, asset prices are typically below their expected value, the price predicted by both the RE and the PI models. It appears that an aversion to relatively complex lotteries plays a role, and the more complex the asset, the more underpricing that would be likely to be observed.

This complexity aversion is distinct from, though related to, ambiguity aversion. Although the probabilities of each possible outcome of a lottery may be known, if there are many possible outcomes, or the probabilities of each outcome are not round numbers, the utility of the lottery may be difficult for the decision maker to compute. If the computation task is too complex, it effectively becomes a situation of ambiguity. A complexity averse individual prefers to avoid such lotteries. The assets traded in our market are complex, because their payoffs may have many outcomes and some of them are contingent on earlier outcomes. Complexity aversion appears to correlate with behavior in our markets, and may account, at least in part, for the mispricing we observe in the first period of our rounds. Even so, we cannot rule out that a third variable, such as, perhaps, cognitive ability, is related to both complexity aversion and subjects’ behavior in period 1 of our rounds. Indeed, there is a correlation of −0.25 between complexity aversion and the earnings at the individual level, though it is not significant. Exploring the correlates of complexity aversion and its relationship with market behavior is an interesting topic for future work.
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Financial integration has made world markets more connected than ever before, and a financial crisis can have far-reaching consequences. Economists, financial experts and journalists often blame financial contagion for widespread turmoil, blurring the distinction between the spread of a local shock justified by interdependent economic fundamentals and contagion that is not justified.Our study focusses on one of the triggers of unjustified financial contagion, namely, asymmetric information. We have studied financial contagion in a controlled experimental setting where we can carefully control information, and specify the fundamental interdependence between assets traded in different markets.The results suggest that traders may be readily led to falsely believe that there exist better informed traders who know the true relationship between assets. The consequence of false beliefs as such is that a market-specific shock can readily be transmitted to another market. Unjustified financial contagion is common in our experiment: in 19 out of 41 periods without insiders, an information mirage occurs. Indeed, mirages are much more common here than in the work of (Camerer and Weigelt, 1991), in which they were first noted.Our experimental results have shown that the possibility of the existence of insiders alone can trigger financial contagion. More specifically, the impossibility for traders to exclude the potential relevance of a shock in one market for other markets, plus the suspicion that they are not as well informed as others, appears to cause traders to become over sensitive to price fluctuations. They then attempt to extract valuable information from trades. Often the information is not there, but is erroneously thought to exist.When insider information is actually present, it is revealed in almost all periods. In other words, asset prices reflect underlying asset correlations when such correlations are known to some traders.In the first period of their two period life, asset prices are typically below their expected value, the price predicted by both the RE and the PI models. It appears that an aversion to relatively complex lotteries plays a role, and the more complex the asset, the more underpricing that would be likely to be observed.This complexity aversion is distinct from, though related to, ambiguity aversion. Although the probabilities of each possible outcome of a lottery may be known, if there are many possible outcomes, or the probabilities of each outcome are not round numbers, the utility of the lottery may be difficult for the decision maker to compute. If the computation task is too complex, it effectively becomes a situation of ambiguity. A complexity averse individual prefers to avoid such lotteries. The assets traded in our market are complex, because their payoffs may have many outcomes and some of them are contingent on earlier outcomes. Complexity aversion appears to correlate with behavior in our markets, and may account, at least in part, for the mispricing we observe in the first period of our rounds. Even so, we cannot rule out that a third variable, such as, perhaps, cognitive ability, is related to both complexity aversion and subjects’ behavior in period 1 of our rounds. Indeed, there is a correlation of −0.25 between complexity aversion and the earnings at the individual level, though it is not significant. Exploring the correlates of complexity aversion and its relationship with market behavior is an interesting topic for future work.
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Integrasi keuangan telah membuat pasar dunia lebih terhubung dari sebelumnya, dan krisis keuangan dapat memiliki konsekuensi yang lebih jauh. Ekonom, ahli keuangan dan wartawan sering menyalahkan penularan keuangan untuk gejolak luas, mengaburkan perbedaan antara penyebaran kejutan lokal dibenarkan oleh fundamental ekonomi saling tergantung dan penularan yang tidak dibenarkan. Studi kami memfokuskan pada salah satu pemicu penularan keuangan dibenarkan, yaitu , informasi asimetris. Kami telah mempelajari penularan keuangan dalam pengaturan eksperimental dikontrol mana kita hati-hati dapat mengontrol informasi, dan menentukan saling ketergantungan mendasar antara aset yang diperdagangkan di pasar yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pedagang dapat dengan mudah menyebabkan palsu percaya bahwa terdapat pedagang lebih baik informasi yang tahu hubungan yang benar antara aset. Konsekuensi dari keyakinan palsu seperti adalah bahwa kejutan khusus pasar dapat dengan mudah ditularkan ke pasar lain. Penularan keuangan dibenarkan umum dalam percobaan kami: di 19 dari 41 periode tanpa orang dalam, sebuah fatamorgana informasi terjadi. Memang, fatamorgana jauh lebih umum di sini daripada di pekerjaan (Camerer dan Weigelt, 1991), di mana mereka pertama kali dicatat. Hasil eksperimen kami menunjukkan bahwa kemungkinan adanya orang dalam saja dapat memicu penularan keuangan. Lebih khusus, ketidakmungkinan bagi para pedagang untuk mengecualikan relevansi potensi kejutan di satu pasar untuk pasar lain, ditambah kecurigaan bahwa mereka tidak serta informasi yang lain, tampaknya menyebabkan pedagang untuk menjadi lebih sensitif terhadap fluktuasi harga. Mereka kemudian berusaha untuk mengekstrak informasi berharga dari perdagangan. Seringkali informasi itu tidak ada, tetapi keliru diperkirakan ada. Ketika informasi insider sebenarnya hadir, ia mengungkapkan di hampir semua periode. Dengan kata lain, harga aset mencerminkan korelasi aset dasar ketika korelasi tersebut diketahui beberapa pedagang. Pada periode pertama dari dua periode hidup mereka, harga aset biasanya di bawah nilai mereka diharapkan, harga diprediksi oleh kedua RE dan model PI. Tampaknya keengganan untuk lotere relatif kompleks memainkan peran, dan lebih kompleks aset, semakin underpricing yang kemungkinan besar akan diamati. Aversion kompleksitas ini berbeda dari, meskipun berhubungan dengan, ambiguitas keengganan. Meskipun probabilitas setiap hasil yang mungkin dari lotere dapat diketahui, jika ada banyak hasil yang mungkin, atau probabilitas setiap hasil yang tidak angka bulat, utilitas dari lotere mungkin sulit bagi pengambil keputusan untuk menghitung. Jika tugas komputasi terlalu rumit, secara efektif menjadi situasi ambiguitas. Sebuah kompleksitas menolak individu lebih memilih untuk menghindari lotere tersebut. Aset diperdagangkan di pasar kami adalah kompleks, karena hadiah mereka mungkin memiliki banyak hasil dan beberapa dari mereka yang bergantung pada hasil sebelumnya. Kompleksitas keengganan tampaknya berkorelasi dengan perilaku di pasar kita, dan mungkin account, setidaknya sebagian, untuk mispricing kita amati pada periode pertama dari putaran kami. Meski begitu, kita tidak bisa mengesampingkan bahwa variabel ketiga, seperti, mungkin, kemampuan kognitif, yang terkait dengan kedua keengganan kompleksitas dan perilaku subyek 'dalam periode 1 putaran kami. Memang, ada korelasi -0,25 antara kompleksitas keengganan dan laba pada tingkat individu, meskipun tidak signifikan. Menjelajahi berkorelasi kompleksitas keengganan dan hubungannya dengan perilaku pasar merupakan topik yang menarik untuk pekerjaan di masa depan.











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