Viral modulation of cell cycle checkpointsCells can temporarily arrest translation - Viral modulation of cell cycle checkpointsCells can temporarily arrest Indonesian how to say

Viral modulation of cell cycle chec

Viral modulation of cell cycle checkpoints
Cells can temporarily arrest at cell cycle checkpoints to
allow for the repair of cellular damage, the dissipation of an
exogenous cellular stress signal or the absence/availability
of essential growth factors, hormones, or nutrients. Checkpoint arrest may also result in activation of pathways
leading to programmed cell death if cellular damage cannot
be precisely repaired. There are two checkpoints in the cell
522 R. Nascimento et al.
cycle, G1/S and G2/M. The mechanisms for halting cell
cycle progression at the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints are
generally conserved and unique, although many phosphatases and kinases are shared between the two checkpoints.
Damage to DNA is a common occurrence through
exposure to a variety of environmental stresses, such as
exposure to abnormally low levels of oxygen or nutrients,
and constant attacks to DNA from external and internal
agents that can directly damage DNA. Cells can respond
directly to DNA damage by repairing DNA breaks or
alternately by halting cell cycle progression and/or by
undergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis). Extensive
damage, as it generally leads to apoptosis, is less of a
problem than limited damage which can have potentially
disastrous consequences, for example cancer, and so
eukaryotic organisms have evolved mechanisms to sense
and respond to infidelity in DNA replication. Although
cells use different signaling pathways to deal with different
microenvironment stresses, there are common elements,
such as the “sensor”molecules, stimulated in response to
DNA damage (Lukas et al.2004).
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Viral modulation of cell cycle checkpointsCells can temporarily arrest at cell cycle checkpoints toallow for the repair of cellular damage, the dissipation of anexogenous cellular stress signal or the absence/availabilityof essential growth factors, hormones, or nutrients. Checkpoint arrest may also result in activation of pathwaysleading to programmed cell death if cellular damage cannotbe precisely repaired. There are two checkpoints in the cell522 R. Nascimento et al.cycle, G1/S and G2/M. The mechanisms for halting cellcycle progression at the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints aregenerally conserved and unique, although many phosphatases and kinases are shared between the two checkpoints.Damage to DNA is a common occurrence throughexposure to a variety of environmental stresses, such asexposure to abnormally low levels of oxygen or nutrients,and constant attacks to DNA from external and internalagents that can directly damage DNA. Cells can responddirectly to DNA damage by repairing DNA breaks oralternately by halting cell cycle progression and/or byundergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis). Extensivedamage, as it generally leads to apoptosis, is less of aproblem than limited damage which can have potentiallydisastrous consequences, for example cancer, and soeukaryotic organisms have evolved mechanisms to senseand respond to infidelity in DNA replication. Althoughcells use different signaling pathways to deal with differentmicroenvironment stresses, there are common elements,such as the “sensor”molecules, stimulated in response toDNA damage (Lukas et al.2004).
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Modulasi virus siklus sel pos pemeriksaan
Sel dapat sementara menangkap di pos pemeriksaan siklus sel untuk
memungkinkan untuk perbaikan kerusakan sel, disipasi dari
sinyal stres selular eksogen atau tidak adanya / ketersediaan
faktor penting pertumbuhan, hormon, atau nutrisi. Penangkapan Checkpoint juga dapat mengakibatkan aktivasi jalur
menyebabkan kematian sel terprogram jika kerusakan sel tidak dapat
secara tepat diperbaiki. Ada dua pos pemeriksaan di sel
522 R. Nascimento dkk.
Siklus, G1 / S dan G2 / M. Mekanisme untuk menghentikan sel
progresi siklus pada G1 / S dan G2 / M pos pemeriksaan yang
umumnya dilestarikan dan unik, meskipun banyak fosfatase dan kinase dibagi antara dua pos pemeriksaan.
Kerusakan DNA adalah kejadian umum melalui
paparan berbagai tekanan lingkungan , seperti
paparan tingkat abnormal rendah oksigen atau nutrisi,
dan serangan konstan untuk DNA dari eksternal dan internal
agen yang dapat secara langsung merusak DNA. Sel dapat merespon
langsung terhadap kerusakan DNA dengan memperbaiki istirahat DNA atau
bergantian dengan menghentikan progresi siklus sel dan / atau
menjalani kematian sel terprogram (apoptosis). Luas
kerusakan, karena umumnya mengarah ke apoptosis, kurang dari
masalah dari kerusakan terbatas yang dapat memiliki potensi
konsekuensi bencana, misalnya kanker, dan
organisme eukariotik telah berevolusi mekanisme untuk merasakan
dan menanggapi perselingkuhan dalam replikasi DNA. Meskipun
sel-sel menggunakan jalur sinyal yang berbeda untuk menangani berbagai
tekanan lingkungan mikro, ada unsur-unsur yang umum,
seperti "sensor" molekul, dirangsang dalam menanggapi
kerusakan DNA (Lukas dkk, 2004).
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