Our restoration process removed the existing black locust, but this species’ ability to sprout from root or branch cuttings may have allowed it to easily re-establish. Black locust is an appropriate site occupant at this successional stage that will contribute to delivery of ES such as C sequestration, soil development, and erosion control, and may provide cover for smaller wildlife species and forage for species such as white-tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Conner et al., 1975; Delia-Bianca and Johnson, 1965).