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Teaching approach is important in science for promoting meaningful learning and eliminating misconceptions. One such approach is the use of a conceptual change approach. Conceptual change theory states that students should become dissatisfied with their existing conditions to change their ideas (dissatisfaction), new concepts should provide better explanations (intelligibility), new concepts should propose solutions to problems (plausibility), and they must lead to new insights (fruitfulness) [9]. One of the conceptual change approaches involves the use of conceptual change text [8, 10]. The conceptual change text strategy is designed in accord with a model of conceptual change to remediate misconceptions. These texts are prepared to make students aware of the inadequacies of their existing knowledge and create conceptual conflict. In the conceptual change texts, students are asked explicitly to predict what would happen in a situation before being presented with information that demonstrates the inconsistency between common misconceptions and the scientific conceptions.The strategy is toactivate students’ misconceptions and then present students’ common misconceptions followed by evidence countering the misconceptions and to provide the explanation of the scientific conception.The learning cycle is another instructional model based on the constructivist approach, which promotes conceptual change[11]. It is a hands-on, minds-on teaching strategy based on Piaget’s developmental model of intelligence that makes students aware of their own reasoningby helping students reflect on their activities. Once students become aware of their own reasoning and apply new knowledge successfully, they are more effective in searching for new patterns [12]. As it was first developed by Robert Karplus, the learning cycle involved three consecutive phases known as exploration, concept introduction, and concept application [13]. As the learning cycle has been used, researched, and refined over the years, some practitioners have extended the three stages into five, known as the 5E learning cycle: Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Extension, and Evaluation [14]. In this study, the 5E learning cycle has been chosen as an in structional tool. Regardless of the quantity of phases, every learning cycle has at its core the same inductive in structional sequence. Briefly, the learning cycle begins with the active engagement of students in investigating the natural phenomena. During exploration, the teacher acts as a facilitator, providing materials and directions, guiding the physical process of the experiment. After the exploration, the teacher promotes a discussion period in which students share their observations with classmates. This is the time in which the teacher connects student experiences to the target science concept including the identification of scientific vocabulary.Once the concept has been labeled, students engage in additional activities in which they apply their recently formed understandings to new situations [15]. Research has documented the effectiveness of this instructional model that has wide spread ap plicability to a variety of grade levels and course materials[16,17].For example, Scharman[18] conducted a descriptive study to investigate the role of the learning cycle as a tool for identifying and addressing misconceptions. The author stressed the necessity of using minds-on as well as hands-on activities in the exploration phase. Activities de-scribed as minds-on included the use of analogies, the formation of opinion statements, and the formation of independent decisions. Recently, Odom and Kelly [19] explored the effectiveness of concept mapping, the learning cycle, expository instruction, and a combination of concept mapping/learning cycle in promoting conceptual understanding of diffusion and osmosis. They found that the concept mapping/learning cycle and concept mapping treatment groups significantly outperformed the expository treatment group in conceptual understanding of diffusion and osmosis. Besides, research has supported the effectiveness of thelearning cycle inencouraging students to think creatively and critically, facilitating a better understanding of scientific concepts, developing positive attitudes toward science, improving science process skills, and cultivating advanced reasoning skills [13]. In an effort to promote conceptual understanding in science classrooms, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of three types of instruction, the 5E learning cycle method, the conceptual change text instruction method, and traditional instruction, on 8th grade students’ understanding of photosynthesis and respiration in plants. The main question is whether there are significant differences among the effects of 5 Elearning cycle method, conceptual change text instruction, and traditional instruction on students’ understanding of photosynthesis and respiration in plants when photosynthesis and respiration in plants concept pre-test scores and attitude toward science scores are controlled as covariates.
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