Accurate production of regional burned area maps are necessary to redu translation - Accurate production of regional burned area maps are necessary to redu Indonesian how to say

Accurate production of regional bur

Accurate production of regional burned area maps are necessary to reduce
uncertainty in emission estimates from African savannah fires. Numerous
methods have been developed that map burned and unburned surfaces. These
methods are typically applied to coarse spatial resolution (1 km) data to produce
regional estimates of the area burned, while higher spatial resolution (,30 m)
data are used to assess their accuracy with little regard to the accuracy of the
higher spatial resolution reference data. In this study we aimed to investigate
whether Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM + )-derived reference
imagery can be more accurately produced using such spectrally informed
methods. The efficacy of several spectral index methods to discriminate between
burned and unburned surfaces over a series of spatial scales (ground, IKONOS,
Landsat ETM + and data from the MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer,
MODIS) were evaluated. The optimal Landsat ETM + reference image of
burned area was achieved using a charcoal fraction map derived by linear
spectral unmixing (k51.00, a599.5%), where pixels were defined as burnt if the
charcoal fraction per pixel exceeded 50%. Comparison of coincident Landsat
ETM + and IKONOS burned area maps of a neighbouring region in Mongu
(Zambia) indicated that the charcoal fraction map method overestimated the
area burned by 1.6%. This method was, however, unstable, with the optimal fixed
threshold occurring at .65% at the MODIS scale, presumably because of the
decrease in signal-to-noise ratio as compared to the Landsat scale. At the
MODIS scale the Mid-Infrared Bispectral Index (MIRBI) using a fixed threshold
of .1.75 was determined to be the optimal regional burned area mapping index
(slope50.99, r
2
50.95, SE561.40, y5Landsat burned area, x5MODIS burned
area). Application of MIRBI to the entire MODIS temporal series measured the
burned area as 10 267 km2 during the 2001 fire season. The char fraction map and
the MIRBI methodologies, which both produced reasonable burned area maps
within southern African savannah environments, should also be evaluated in
woodland and forested environments.
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Accurate production of regional burned area maps are necessary to reduceuncertainty in emission estimates from African savannah fires. Numerousmethods have been developed that map burned and unburned surfaces. Thesemethods are typically applied to coarse spatial resolution (1 km) data to produceregional estimates of the area burned, while higher spatial resolution (,30 m)data are used to assess their accuracy with little regard to the accuracy of thehigher spatial resolution reference data. In this study we aimed to investigatewhether Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM + )-derived referenceimagery can be more accurately produced using such spectrally informedmethods. The efficacy of several spectral index methods to discriminate betweenburned and unburned surfaces over a series of spatial scales (ground, IKONOS,Landsat ETM + and data from the MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer,MODIS) were evaluated. The optimal Landsat ETM + reference image ofburned area was achieved using a charcoal fraction map derived by linearspectral unmixing (k51.00, a599.5%), where pixels were defined as burnt if thecharcoal fraction per pixel exceeded 50%. Comparison of coincident LandsatETM + and IKONOS burned area maps of a neighbouring region in Mongu(Zambia) indicated that the charcoal fraction map method overestimated thearea burned by 1.6%. This method was, however, unstable, with the optimal fixedthreshold occurring at .65% at the MODIS scale, presumably because of thedecrease in signal-to-noise ratio as compared to the Landsat scale. At theMODIS scale the Mid-Infrared Bispectral Index (MIRBI) using a fixed thresholdof .1.75 was determined to be the optimal regional burned area mapping index(slope50.99, r250.95, SE561.40, y5Landsat burned area, x5MODIS burnedarea). Application of MIRBI to the entire MODIS temporal series measured theburned area as 10 267 km2 during the 2001 fire season. The char fraction map andthe MIRBI methodologies, which both produced reasonable burned area mapswithin southern African savannah environments, should also be evaluated inwoodland and forested environments.
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Results (Indonesian) 2:[Copy]
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Produksi yang akurat dari peta daerah yang terbakar daerah diperlukan untuk mengurangi
ketidakpastian dalam perkiraan emisi dari kebakaran padang rumput Afrika. Banyak
metode telah dikembangkan yang peta dibakar dan permukaan yang tidak terbakar. Ini
metode biasanya diterapkan sampai kasar resolusi spasial (1 km) data untuk menghasilkan
perkiraan regional area yang terbakar, sementara resolusi spasial yang lebih tinggi (, 30 m)
Data yang digunakan untuk menilai akurasi mereka dengan sedikit mengenai keakuratan
resolusi spasial yang lebih tinggi data referensi. Dalam penelitian ini kami bertujuan untuk menyelidiki
apakah referensi -derived Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM +)
citra dapat diproduksi lebih akurat menggunakan spektrum informasi seperti
metode. Khasiat beberapa metode indeks spektral untuk membedakan antara
permukaan dibakar dan terbakar melalui serangkaian skala spasial (tanah, IKONOS,
Landsat ETM + dan data dari Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer,
MODIS) dievaluasi. Optimal Landsat ETM + referensi gambar dari
daerah yang terbakar dicapai dengan menggunakan peta fraksi arang yang diperoleh linear
unmixing spektral (k51.00, a599.5%), di mana piksel didefinisikan sebagai dibakar jika
fraksi arang per pixel melebihi 50%. Perbandingan bertepatan Landsat
ETM + dan peta wilayah IKONOS terbakar dari daerah tetangga di Mongu
(Zambia) menunjukkan bahwa metode peta fraksi arang berlebihan
area yang terbakar oleh 1,6%. Metode ini, bagaimanapun, tidak stabil, dengan tetap optimal
ambang batas terjadi di 0,65% pada skala MODIS, mungkin karena
penurunan rasio signal-to-noise dibandingkan dengan skala Landsat. Pada
skala MODIS Mid-Infrared Bispectral Index (MIRBI) menggunakan ambang batas tetap
dari .1.75 bertekad untuk menjadi indeks optimal daerah daerah yang terbakar pemetaan
(slope50.99, r
2
50,95, SE561.40, y5Landsat dibakar daerah, x5MODIS terbakar
daerah). Penerapan MIRBI untuk seluruh seri duniawi MODIS mengukur
daerah yang terbakar 10 267 km2 selama musim 2001 api. Peta fraksi char dan
metodologi MIRBI, yang keduanya menghasilkan peta wilayah dibakar wajar
dalam lingkungan savana Afrika bagian selatan, juga harus dievaluasi dalam
hutan dan lingkungan hutan.
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