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พัฒนาหลักการจัดการแรงงานสัมพันธ์ในเบสบอลMajor League Baseball (MLB) has a long history of negotiations between players and owners dating back to 1968 with the first successful bargaining agreement to increase the minimum salary for players. The Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) was created in 1953 by the players to advocate for a better pension fund and by 1968 owners formed the Major League Player Relations Committee (PRC) to counter the growing strength of the MLBPA. Many player unions have formed and failed over the preceding years, but it was apparent that the MLBPA was a serious threat to the owners. The 2nd Basic Agreement emerged two years later in 1970, which established the right for binding impartial arbitration. This laid the foundation for today’s player compensations system (Rosner and Shropshire, 2004). In 1972, the first players strike occurred for only 13 days due to disagreements over pension contributions while negotiation the 3rd Basic Agreement. It was obvious that Major League Baseball was going to have many battles ahead. With owners instilling a “reserve clause” early in baseball history to prevent players from becoming free agents, the 4th Basic Agreement was a monumental win for the MLBPA who successfully abolished this century old passage. The ability of free agency rights for players brought in the 5th and 6th Basic Agreements to negotiate issues around compensations for teams that lost players due to free agencies and pension contributions. Regrettably, both Basic Agreements were not reached until after player strikes occurred. This represents a pivotal point in the ongoing disputes between ownership and players in that fans are growing weary of the regular stoppages—a potential demotion of power for both MLBPA and PRC.The early 90’s brought the lowest point in baseball history with a 232 day strike and the cancelation of the World Series because of failed negotiations in the 7th Basic Agreement. The PRC was intensely lobbying for revenue sharing among owners and salary caps. ESPN.com later reported that players lost million and management lost over $1 Billion due to the lengthy strike (2004). In 1996, the 8th Basic Agreement would grant owners the revenue sharing program but deny the salary cap; while the 9th Basic Agreement implemented a luxury tax in 2002 on teams exceeding a certain amount of total payroll. Other issues like competitive balance draft and drug test expansion were delayed for an expected climatic battle under the 10th Basic Agreement which was expected to begin in 2006 after the 9th Basic Agreement expiration. With the infamous 1994 strike that lasted nearly a year still fresh on the minds of Congress, the Curt Flood Act was passed in 1998. The Act, sponsored by Senator Orrin Hatch, was an amendment to the Clayton Act to declare that the antitrust laws concerning conduct, practices, and agreements were now applicable to the labor relations of Major League Baseball (Library of Congress, 1998). The true intention of the Act was to “reduce the chance of future strikes by allowing players to bring an antitrust suit against the owners if labor negotiations stall (Bumgardner, 2000).” With five strikes (1972, 1980, 1981, 1985 and 1994-1995) and three lockouts (1973, 1976 and 1990) since 1972, it was apparent that some form of legislation was needed (Forbes, 2011). This Act is arguably the largest major development from labor-management relations in major league baseball’s history.
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