Study Sample
Environmental
management variables
Environmental
performance variables
Financial performance
variables Main analysis Major findings
King and Lenox
(2001)
652 US manufacturing
firms
Total emissions,
relative emissions,
industry emissions
Tobin’s q Regression
analysis
Total emissions are
associated with
superior financial
performance. Firms
with lower emissions in
their industries (relative
emissions) tend to
experience higher
financial performance.
We cannot conclude
that firms that operate
in cleaner industries
have higher financial
performance
Konar and Cohen
(2001)
321 US manufacturing
firms
Toxic chemical
disclosures, lawsuits
Tobin’s q Regression
analysis
Bad environmental
performance have a
negative and
significant impact on
financial performance.
The effect is much more
pronounced for toxic
chemical disclosures
than for lawsuits
King and Lenox
(2002)
614 US manufacturing
firms (Compustat and
TRI)
Pollution reduction
means or methods
(waste generation,
waste prevention,
waste treatment and
waste transfer)
Total emissions ROA, Tobin’s q Regression
analysis
Lower emissions (in t)
are significantly
associated with a
higher financial
performance (in t þ 1).
Significant and
positive relationship of
waste prevention with
ROA and Tobin’s q
(continued)